Chemicals 1

Dextrose is the fundamental monomer of all starchy products. It allows our chemical industry customers to produce the chemical structures they need from renewable resources. It is available in various granulometry and crystalline structure, tailored towards specific customer needs.

Our highest purity dextrose is available in liquid powder form, as well as a liquid. Its applications include:

• Building block for alkyl polyglucoside surfactants
• Building block for N-glucamine and its derivatives
• Building block for glucoheptanoic acid
• Reducing agent for metal treatment

The production of precipitated silica starts with the reaction of an alkaline silicate solution with a mineral acid. Sulfuric acid andsodium silicate solutions are added simultaneously with agitation to water. Precipitation is carried out under alkaline conditions. The choice of agitation, duration of precipitation, the addition rate of reactants, their temperature and concentration, and pH can vary the properties of the silica. The formation of a gel stage is avoided by stirring at elevated temperatures. The resulting white precipitate is filtered, washed and dried in the manufacturing process.^[2]

Talc derived from deposits that are known to contain associated asbestos is not suitable for pharmaceutical use. The manufacturer is responsible for demonstrating by the test for amphiboles and serpentines that the product is free from asbestos. The presence of amphiboles and of serpentines is revealed by X-ray diffraction or by infrared spectrophotometry (see A and B). If detected, the specific morphological criteria of asbestos are investigated by a suitable method of optical microscopy to determine whether tremolite asbestos or chrysotile is present, as described below.

A. Examine by infrared spectrophotometry (2.2.24). In the range 740 cm^-1 to 760 cm^-1 using scale expansion, any absorption band at 758 cm^-1 1 cm^-1 may indicate the presence of tremolite or of chlorite. If the absorption band remains after ignition of the substance at 850C for at least 30 min, it indicates the presence of the tremolite. In the range 600 cm^-1 to 650 cm^-1 using scale expansion, any absorption band or shoulder may indicate the presence of serpentines. Examine the substance prepared as discs using potassium bromide R.

B. Examine by X-ray diffraction employing the following conditions:

Cu Ka monochromatic 40 kV radiation, 24 mA to 30 mA,

incident slit: 1C,

detection slit: 0.2C,

goniometer speed: 1/10C 2q/min,

scanning range: 10C to 13C 2q and 24C to 26C 2q,

the sample is not oriented.

Place the sample on the sample holder; pack and smooth its surface with a polished glass microscope slide.

Record the diffractograms.

The presence of amphiboles is detected by a diffraction peak at 10.5C 0.1C 2q, the presence of serpentines is detected by diffraction peaks at 24.3C 0.1C 2q and at 12.1C 0.1C 2q.

If, by one of the 2 methods, amphiboles and/or serpentine are detected, examine by a suitable method of optical microscopy to determine the asbestos character.

Examined by optical microscopy, the presence of asbestos is shown if the following criteria are met:

a range of length to width ratios of 20:1 to 100:1, or higher for fibres longer than 5 mm,

capability of splitting into very thin fibrils,

and if 2 or more of the following 4 criteria are met:

parallel fibres occurring in bundles,

fibre bundles displaying frayed ends,

fibres in the form of thin needles,

matted masses of individual fibres and/or fibres showing curvature.

Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. When anhydrous, it is a white crystalline solid of formula Na₂SO₄ known as the mineral thenardite; the decahydrateNa₂SO₄·10H₂O is found naturally as the mineral mirabilite, and in processed form has been known as Glauber's salt or, historically, sal mirabilis since the 17th century. Another solid is the heptahydrate, which transforms to mirabilite when cooled. With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, it is a major commodity chemical product.

Sodium sulfate is mainly used for the manufacture of detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping. About two-thirds of the world's production is from mirabilite, the natural mineral form of the decahydrate, and the remainder from by-products ofchemical processes such as hydrochloric acid production.

Cyanuric chlorideChemical CompoundCyanuric chloride is an organic compound with the formula (NCCl)???. This white solid is the chlorinated derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. It is the trimer of cyanogen chloride.Formula: C

Cl

N

Molar mass: 184.41 g/molBoiling point: 192 °CMelting point: 154 °CDensity: 1.32 g/cm³

Ammonium dichromateChemical CompoundAmmonium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH???)???Cr???O???. In this compound, as in all chromates and dichromates, chromium is in a +6 oxidation state, commonly known as hexavalent chromium. Formula: (NH

)

Cr

O

Molar mass: 252.07 g/molMelting point: 180 °CDensity: 2.12 g/cm³

Zinc iodideChemical CompoundZinc iodide is a chemical compound of zinc and iodine, ZnI???. The anhydrous form is white and readily absorbs water from the atmosphere. Formula: Z

I

Molar mass: 319.22 g/molBoiling point: 1,150 °CMelting point: 446 °CDensity: 4.74 g/cm³

1. Adams' catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide, is usually represented as platinum oxide hydrate, PtO-HO. It is a catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis in organic synthesis. This dark brown powder is commercially available.
3. Formula: PtO2
4. Molar mass: 227.08 g/mol
5. Density: 10.20 g/cm³